How to Measure Noise Figure Using the Y-Factor Method
Characterizing noise figure measurements using a signal analyzer
Measuring noise figure requires characterizing a receiver and its ability to detect weak incoming signals in the presence of self-generated noise. Engineers achieve this by measuring signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) degradation as a signal passes through a system or device. They assess the relative amount of noise introduced during the signal's journey. This measurement process requires a test setup comprising a noise source, the device under test (DUT), and a signal analyzer equipped with a noise figure measurement application.
The noise source generates a known noise power level, serving as a reference, and then feeds it into the DUT. It entails two states: "on" and "off." In the "on" state, the DUT usually operates with an input signal, and measurements of both the signal and noise are taken. The Y-factor calculates the ratio of noise to signal power. In the "off" state, the system bypasses the DUT and only measures the noise. The analyzer calculates the Y-factor once more — comparing these Y-factors determines the noise figure.
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